Hi Kathleen — thanks for reading.

As far as I can say, there are no zero-passenger cars gallivanting around our public roads thus far. You do see them putting in a solo effort at test facilities, and NVIDIA pulled off a little parlor trick at this year’s CES by placing journalists in the back seat unattended, but that’s about it.

While Google/Waymo has arguably made the most recognizable strides — they now recruit civilians as test drivers for their vehicle program in Arizona — there’s still someone at the wheel to interact with the environment if need be.

The Navya shuttles due to hit the University Of Michigan this fall are going to be interesting, but I believe even they will have “attendants” on-board… and their environment is obviously a lot less stressful/advanced than the public roads of America.

Hope that settles the debate!